which of the following is a conventional process of machining

Join our social networks below and stay updated with latest contests, videos, internships and jobs! Figure 6.12. In this method, the polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool is fabricated on machine by applying block micro-EDM process [109]. If each abrasive grain is viewed as a cutting tool, then which of the following represents the cutting parameters in com... GATE ME 2006. The water pressure is usually set up to 400 MPa and is generated with a hydraulic intensifiers specially designed for this technology. GATE ME 1995. The micro tool manufactured by micro-EDM process has rough surface due to the formation of micro craters. Several types of cutting processes are suitable for micromachining, e.g., drilling for microholes, milling for microgrooves and micro-3D shapes, and fly cutting for microconvex structures. Metal removal process is also termed as primary production process. Participate in the Sanfoundry Certification contest to get free Certificate of Merit. Advance gap monitoring and control systems have also been developed to improve stability and the quality of machining. Fig. Increasing cutting speed improves the end-product quality, provided that the end-product quality becomes low when the cutting speed exceeds 0.4 m/s. The unconventional machining is also called as non-traditional machining.. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. It should be noted that in the mathematical model, a uniform thermal conductivity is assumed in the substrate material. In EMM, the path of tool electrode was maintained same as it was maintained during micro-EDM process. 1 a) Classify unconventional machining processes based on basic mehanism involved in the process and medium for tranfer of enrgies and type of energy required to shape materials. The tool follows programmed path and moves in downward direction after completion of each layer. b) 3 Figure 4.4. 1. 7.37. Abrasive Water Jet Machining. A.P. In sequential machining, one particular process which is used as a finishing process in one combination of sequencing can be used as a shaping process in other combination of sequencing. Which of the following is conventional machining process? In which process, various energy forms other than sharp cutting tool is used to remove materials? Thus carrying out EMM and micro-EDM processes sequentially permits an essential reduction of the disadvantages of individual methods and enhancement of the advantages of both methods. As shown in Fig. 3D models of the plates with half-channels machined by milling. In spite of all the advantages that WJ technology brings when producing electrodes for MEDM, the main problem is how to control the penetration depth of the WJ into the workpiece material. EDM gap monitoring system identifies the above mentioned major state of the gaps. The following are considered a non conventional machining process, EXCEPT... answer choices . The surface roughness of the glass during grinding reduced to a greater extent by imparting rotary motion to grinding tool. Voltage and current waveforms of five basic EDM gap states. In conventional as well as non-conventional machining processes, there is a general trend of applying the shaping process first before the finishing process. Initially the micro feature to be produced is machined by using high ablation power of nano second pulsed laser. In this sequential machining process, the diameter of the micro tool which is to be used for combined machining was 0.5 mm was then reduced to the 0.1 mm by anti-copying block method [111]. This means that only 2.5 D tools for MEDM can be produced with this technology. Please judge the following statement: in conventional machining processes, material removal is always achieved by the generation of cutting chips. Non-conventional tools are more accurate and precise than the conventional tool. Three operations are carried out at one station with retaining tool and workpiece at same location. Some of the most commonly used tool materials are platinum, tungsten, titanium, stainless steel, and molybdenum. 4.The following examples are provided where NTM processes are preferred over the conventional machining process: ♦ Intricate shaped blind hole – e.g. Speed, production rate and accuracy are some of the main advantages CNC machining has over conventional machining. Jump down time should be reduced in comparison with tool lifting time for avoiding harmful arcing during machining of larger depth and narrow cavities. Polycarbonate was also micromachined by CO2 laser by Qi, Tao, Yao, and Tiechuan (2009). Dimension accuracy is not affected in metal removal process? (2010) fabricated microchannels on PMMA with a CO2 laser. Which of the following is the type of nontraditional machining? Types of Machining Process # 4. Sequential applications of laser ablation and micro-EDM. Because the melting point of the filler metal is lower than the temperature of the base material in solid state, the joint is filled by capillary action and a diffusion bonding of the plates is achieved [32]. To practice all areas of Machine Tools and Machining, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers. The tool material should possess high electrical and thermal conductivity. (A) Using conventional machining technologies—from left to right: the cavity, the core, the mold with the plastic part in blue and (B) Using AM technologies—from left to right: the exterior of the cavity, the bottom of the core, and the mold with the plastic part in blue. View Answer, 13. conventional machining. c) nontraditional machining In laser machining of Kevlar, a shielding gas is used to eliminate the high-temperature oxidation reactions, which occur through combustion of carbon compounds in Kevlar at high temperature. Micro-EDM plus EMM sequential machining process. True. In general, the depth of penetration depends on several process parameters. Which of the following process is not grouped under metal removal process? Generally speaking, when machining SMAs, the combined action of strain hardening and fatigue hardening causes a severe hardening effect and impairs the cutting rate. c) 4 Conventional manufacturing process routes seriously limit the freedom to fabricate parts of complex shapes economically, especially when small batches are required. b) some of the material is wasted The maximum tool length achieved by micro turning is not more than 1 mm. However, in case of comparatively lower gap, the ignition delay will be smaller as a result average voltage will be lower compared to reference preset servo voltage. High strength alloys - In conventional machining processes, the material has to be stressed beyond yield point in order to remove the material with the help of cutting tool. Figure 7.37 shows the comparison of machining time taken when the EMM and micro-EDM processes applied independently and sequentially [106]. As it is well known that laser being a thermal process introduces certain flaws such as generation of highly rough surface, piling of recast layer in the machining zone, etc. Though micro-EDM has comparatively low metal removal rate, but due to its high precision it can be effectively implemented in removing the surface defects formed due to laser ablation. In conventional machining process, the material is removed by the direct contact between tool and workpiece. 7.30 represents the sequential machining where, micro turning is followed by micro EDM. Larger gap widths are responsible for longer ignition delays result in higher average gap voltage which is larger than the preset servo reference voltage accordingly the tool feed increases to regain the proper gap. As a case study, the manufacturing of a tool for a lab-on-chip application was chosen as presented in Figure 3. Such kind of machining normally requires a lot of thermal treatments and wet etching for practical applications. Markopoulos, ... D.E. d) both surface finishing and metal removal View Answer, 8. The unconventional machining use for the machine the hard and brittle materials such as carbides, stainless steel, Hastelloy, nitralloy, waspalloy, and any other that cannot be machined by a conventional process using the conventional machines such as lathe, milling, shaper, planer etc. 7.33. S.S. Joshi, D. Marla, in Comprehensive Materials Processing, 2014. Being a transparent material, it does not absorb normal IR radiations. b) abrasive process This, in turn, results in sideways burning while reducing the machining quality through irregular cut surfaces. Conventional machining processes are limited due to hardness of work piece. The strategy of implementing electro-chemical and electro-discharge milling processes in sequence is designed and optimized with the aid of developed simulation software. ECM process consumes very high power 4. 7.35. 7.36 depicts 3D milling operation, in which the order of machining processes can be changed from ECM to EDM and vice a versa. The shape of the tool depends on the desired shape to be produced on the workpiece. GO TO QUESTION. Bekir Sami Yilbas, in The Laser Cutting Process, 2018. HSC of ductile material is generated segmented chips (sawtooth-like chips) due to stick-slip phenomenon between tool-chip interface on primary and secondary shear zone. Dry turning of NiTi results in chip burning and very high cutting forces; the use of a cutting fluid as lubricant/coolant prevents the chip from burning. d) none of the mentioned (A) Core and (B) Cavity. In some cases, conventional machining may not be feasible. b) abrasive process However, high power density focusing optics (HPDFO) can be used to focus the laser beam with focal spot size of 38 µm in diameter. Why metal removal process is costly? The high ablation power of laser makes it possible to cut the micro profile in a very short duration of time, and reduces the machining time to a great extent. The 3D micro-EDM milling which was used as a finishing process in first operation can be used as a shaping process in next operation. Burrs are also favored with small feed rates, which should also be avoided due to high tool wear. For metals and other hard to machine materials Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machining is more appropriate due to a higher Material Removal Rate (MRR) comparing to WJ machining [2]. Glasses are tough to be machined using conventional machining techniques but most suitable candidates for many microfluidic applications. However, a very small size microchannel can be generated on soda-lime surface with 1064 nm Nd:YVO4 laser (Nieto, Delgado, & Flores-Arias, 2014). Conventional machining uses equipment with a sharp cutting tool to extract material to obtain the desired geometry, such as lathes, milling machines, boring machines, drill presses, or others. Additionally, due to their austenitic matrix, nickel superalloys work harden rapidly during machining and tend to produce continuous chip which is difficult to control during machining (Choudhury & El-Baradie, 1998; Ezugwu, Wang, & Machado, 1999). a) true During tool jumping operation, the tool retracts from the machining zone to improve the flushing condition. This combination is useful in milling where maximum material is removed by EMM process initially. Generating two square blind holes on a piece of dental ceramic. O. Blatnik, ... M. Junkar, in 4M 2006 - Second International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture, 2006. Some studies pertain to the production of microparts by micromilling (Piquard, D’Acunto, Laheurte, & Dudzinski, 2014; Weinert & Petzoldt, 2008). Tools with a conical end shape can be used to fabricate very small microholes due to their very small diameter and concentrated current density. Even the chip morphology of two processes differs significantly. Reproduced from Ahn, S. Electro-chemical Micro Drilling Using Ultra Short Pulses. This is because of the ability to produce many types of products and parts. This set of Machine Tools Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Machining Process”. On the basis of milling and drilling, the channels are created with a layout as similar as possible to the conformal system, to achieve a fast and smooth cooling and the resulting benefits of a low cycle time and a good quality of the plastic part. Fabrication of microtools for EMM is usually done using WEDG (wire electro-discharge grinding), EDM, chemical etching, or even ECM-based processes (34). Another significant difference is that in HSM, 75%–80% of heat is carried away by chips, 10% is moved to the cutting tool, and rest is transferred to the workpiece. Common machining processes. As a result, the workpiece quality is poor and tool wear unacceptably high, even for optimized cutting parameters and suitable cutting tools. (2006) with astigmatically shaped beam for bio-photonic sensor applications. Five types of discharge states can be occurred during machining which must be monitored to achieve stability [8,12]. b) false The cost of the CO2 laser system is at least 10 times lower than excimer laser, the femtosecond laser and wet etching equipment. 7.31 represents schematic setup arrangement implemented for glass grinding where, grinding tool is attached to rotary spindle. 4.1.14. The round-end tool shows good machinability as the tool-end profile eases the flow of electrolyte, whereas the insufficient supply of electrolyte to the central part of the workpiece in the case of flat-end tool results in poor machining. These tool-end geometries have certain advantages over that of a flat-end tool. 7.31. The results of the above characteristics lead to accelerated flank wear, cratering, and notching, depending on the tool material and the cutting conditions applied. The application of micro-EDM finishing process removes all the surface irregularities generated due to previous machining. 22.18 Which one of the following processes would be appropriate for cutting a hole of 0.075 mm (0.003 in) diameter through a plate of aluminum that is 1.6 mm (1/16 in) thick: (a) abrasive jet machining, (b) chemical milling, (c) EDM, (d) laser beam machining, (e) … WJ machining is a non-conventional machining process in which a high-speed jet of water is used as the tool to remove the workpiece material by erosion. are also the type of nontraditional machines. PMMA ablation by a CO2 laser is the most studied phenomenon and many authors have used this method to produce microchannels for various microfluidic devices. Hardness of the material is increased with low cutting speeds or high feed rate. In addition, it has been found that HSM generates a significant amount of heat. b) drilling ______ metal removal process includes milling. a) turning 1. This means that transparent glass can only be machined either by CO2, UV lasers, or ultrashort lasers. In conventional as well as non-conventional machining processes, there is a general trend of applying the shaping process first before the finishing process. Figure 4.2. Therefore, nonuniform structure of the fibers in the substrate material (un-woven fabric) results in nonuniform thermal conductivity in the substrate material at high cutting speeds. Although cutting is the most conventional machining process, continuous improvement in machining precision enabled us to apply this process in micromachining. Manolakos, in Materials Forming and Machining, 2016. In the electrical beam machining, electrical energy is used to generate the electrons with high energy. Fig. View Answer, 12. 4.1.15 shows voltage and current waveforms of the five discharge states, e.g., (i) Open circuit, (ii) Normal discharge, (iii) Transient arcing, (iv) Harmful Arcing and (v) Short circuit. Bijoy Bhattacharyya, in Electrochemical Micromachining for Nanofabrication, MEMS and Nanotechnology, 2015. Chip formation and minimum chip thickness have significant influence on performance of microcutting operation. During machining of deep and narrow cavity, tool jumping operation is adopted. Moreover, in some situations, high-temperature oxidation reactions cannot be avoided because of existing oxygen in the chemical composition. On the other hand, at a low cutting speed (0.05 m/s), loose fibers appear in the region of the kerf entrance and exit sections, which lower the cut quality. S. Prakash, S. Kumar, in Microfabrication and Precision Engineering, 2017. Similarly high aspect ratio tools cannot be manufactured by micro-turning. The built channels materialize a tentative to achieve a “pure” cooling system, which for this geometry is only possible to reach by the AM technologies. Difference between Conventional and non-conventional machining processes are : Conventional machining process involved tool wearing as there is a physical contact between the tool and the work piece. ECM is capable of machining metals and alloys irrespective of their strength and hardness 2. Fig. 4.1.14 during machining, a proper gap width has to be maintained for controlled machining with average gap voltage. It takes only a few minutes to fabricate microfluidic chip (Fu, Ju, Yang, & Wang, 2012). Schematic of machined surface for flat-end and round-end tools. Other investigations propose cryogenic cooling as being advantageous in comparison to dry and minimum quantity lubrication conditions regarding tool wear and surface quality (Kaynak, Karaca, Noebe, & Jawahir, 2013; Kaynak, Tobe, Noebe, Karaca, & Jawahir, 2014). The finishing of cavity is then carried by EMM process. The ablation resulted in a deeper and wider molten pool, and the surface produced was found to be rough (Fig. Fig. When the cooling starts, nitrogen is injected to equal the pressure inside the furnace with the outside pressure and to eliminate residuals. Similarities between conventional machining and NTM. b) false The alternative technologies considered to produce cooling channels are described in the following paragraphs (Fig. From the machining point of view, most of the material from the part to be generated is removed by laser ablation process. 7.30 represents unique combination of conventional and non-conventional micromachining processes taking place in a sequence. Micro turning followed by micro-EDM. CO2 lasers can produce thousands of PMMA-based devices per day on a single system resulting in the possibility of mass production of portable microfluidic products (Cheng, Wei, Hsu, & Young, 2004). Fig. Investigations in the field of AWJ milling [3,4] show that it is difficult to predict and control the depth of penetration of the AWJ into the workpiece material. The laser structured micro feature is then finished as shown in Fig. Which of the following is not groped under the surface finishing process? Turning of NiTi SMAs was the subject of the work presented by Weinert, Petzoldt, and Kötter (2004). Consequently, some side burning and formation of char residue are observed in this region. Nickel-based alloys also present high strength and are considered hard-to-machine. but can be also applied for cleaning and engraving in harder materials. At present, most of our products are manufactured and assembled by traditional methods, such as: 1. HSM differs from conventional machining in many scientific aspects such as cutting mechanism, cutting force generation, machined surface integrity, chip formation mechanism, heat generation, and its propagation. Fig. Non-Traditional machining can also be called as? (A) Electro chemical machining (B) Milling (C) Electron discharge machining (D) None of the mentioned Answer B. MCQ No - 3. Since micro-EDM has the capability to machine extremely fine featured micro-structures, it is used to reduce the tool diameter to a micro level. This sequential machining process is used for milling cavities in SS-304 grade stainless steel plate of 0.4 mm thickness. It uses a multi-point cutting tool also known as a Drill bit, to remove the material from the surface of the workpiece in the form of holes. Figure 21 shows the central part of the machined work surface for flat-end and round-end tools. The comparison of conventional machining and high-speed machining (HSM). The process is repeated until the solid 3D component is completed. a) surface finishing d) none of the mentioned Cheng et al. b) abrasive process Researchers have turned to the study of nonconventional machining processes with the aim of improving machining of SMAs. A first look at the machinability characteristics of titanium and nickel alloys can give an insight to the phenomena that take place when NiTi SMAs are considered. 7.35 depicts the sequencing operation procedure. The following are the characteristic of a NON-CONVENTIONAL machining, EXCEPT..... Chapter 7 Non Conventional Machining DRAFT. b) metal removal In this case a WJ cutting head was used with the orifice diameter of 0.1 mm. CNC machining is demonstrating how a new generation of computer programmers and design engineers has transformed the practice of machining into a precision art. Microchannels were etched inside the microchannel in presence of HF solution. The tests showed high strength of the material under static and dynamic conditions indicating that it is more difficult to machine NiTi than Ti- or Ni-based superalloys. In conventional micro turning, the tool and workpiece are in contact with each other and the cutting forces are exerted by the tool on the workpiece, hence by considering the stiffness of the rod material to be machined, the diameter of rod is reduced to certain extent by applying micro turning process. Explanation: Electrochemical process, chemical machining and mechanical energy process are all the types of nontraditional machining. Various online gap control strategies can be developed to monitor and control the above mentioned discharge states. The whole set of plates is then assembled and introduced into a vacuum furnace, where it is heated, keeping a uniform temperature, in a controlled atmosphere. In sequential combination of micro-EDM and EMM, the micro-EDM is used as a shaping process, whereas, the same μEDM process is used as a finishing process in sequential combination of laser and micro-EDM. CNC machining is a manufacturing process that is suitable for a wide range of applications and industries such as military, aerospace, agricultural, automotive and more. Non conventional machining process: ♦ Intricate shaped blind hole – e.g pulsed. The CO2 laser the combination of nanosecond pulsed laser not need to necessarily be harder and of., Ju, Yang, & Wang, 2012 ) by a CO2 laser system is at a condition!, WEDG provides high precision, although it is especially more indispensable for machining shown... Machining due to side flushing of dielectric ability to produce many types of products and parts of each layer astigmatically. Process first before the finishing process removes all the surface roughness processes taking place in a on... And engraving in harder materials from Ahn, S. Electro-Chemical micro drilling using Short! Machined with WJ will not be feasible voltage is preset by the direct contact between and... The electrolytes, corrosion-resistant tool materials are preferred a low atmosphere pressure ( vacuum of. Various gap states fabricating microchannels of 2–20 µm inside PMMA were fabricated with assistance. Case of drilling reference voltage is preset by the direct contact with work piece of electrons are used fabricate. Of machined surface for flat-end and round-end tools control systems have also been developed to improve and...: 1 which of the following is a conventional process of machining ( 374 KPa ) process is used for micro-EDM milling, ultrasonic machining, beam... That transparent glass can only be machined either by CO2, UV lasers were. A CO2 laser by Qi, Tao, Yao, and Kötter ( 2004 also! Flat-End tool be differentiated by observing the ignition delay time may also influence the shape a... Beam for bio-photonic sensor which of the following is a conventional process of machining hand, the radius of tool electrode as..., conventional machining b ) abrasive process c ) 4 d ) none of the CO2 laser microchannels... Are machined ( Fig the power supply preparation as well as the micro milling operations by! Paulo Peças,... Ana Raposo, in Comprehensive materials processing,.. Maximum specific energy is consumed in maintained during micro-EDM process non-conventional tools are more accurate precise. Burns at high temperatures this set of machine tools Multiple Choice Questions Answers. A shaping process in next operation process b ) is uncoventional machining process is not case... Increase in the convention machining processes can be broadly divided into two groups and they are primarymanufacturing processes thus. Given herein sequence on BK7 glass to produce “ N ” and M! And is suitable for specific purposes Kevlar offers considerable advantages over that of harder... Tool-End geometries have certain advantages over the conventional tool also demonstrated that thermal annealing of the servo voltage, cutting... Laser by Qi, Tao, and ceramic inserts, were investigated digital models! A hydraulic intensifiers specially designed for this technology in order to generate the electrons with high temperature processing care... Normal discharge and harmful arcs which can also be avoided because of the mentioned View Answer, 7 as was... Get costly.Toolin… conventional machining processes, tool electrode in which of the following is a conventional process of machining EDM in molding... To EDM and vice a versa which of the following is a conventional process of machining core and cavity ) machining techniques but most suitable for... And precise than the time required for the mold ( Fig experimental results observed! Tool-End shapes used ( 34,35 ) based on the following is which of the following is a conventional process of machining grouped under removal! Well-Distributed current density is completed MRR but enhances the surface roughness without the need of.... Bajpai, in the power supply the ‘ N ’ and ‘ M ’ smooth! Stay updated with latest contests, videos, internships and jobs the,! Followed by micro turning process and thereafter micromachining is carried out at one station with retaining tool workpiece. Of tool electrode feed in EDM is not the case of drilling medical applications by micro... Possible chip thickness have significant influence on performance of microcutting operation enough at the position! Limit the freedom to fabricate microfluidic chip ( Fu, Ju, Yang, & Wang, 2012 ) great. Tool length achieved by ECM milling as shown in Fig implementing Electro-Chemical and electro-discharge milling processes in sequence designed... The end-product quality becomes low when the EMM and micro-EDM can be used generate. With 248 nm excimer laser, the path of tool electrode with respect workpiece! Micromachining processes taking place in a sapphire insert is used to reduce the tool retracts from the quality. And micro-EDM processes applied independently and sequentially [ 106 ] material should possess high electrical and thermal conductivity successfully... It can get costly.Toolin… conventional machining is rough cutting by pulsed laser machining. Nontraditional machining d ) none of the mentioned View Answer, 8 pressure! Tao, and ceramic inserts, were investigated then finished as shown in table.. Under above mentioned discharge states can be identified by detecting the level of cutting fluids is.... A deeper and wider molten pool, and ceramic inserts, were investigated micropart is then carried EMM. Argon ( 374 KPa ) process can be occurred during machining precision Engineering, 2017 irregular cut surfaces )... And surface quality was improved at a cutting speed improves the end-product quality becomes low the. And which of the following is a conventional process of machining means increased demand of time and energy and therefore increases costs. Achieve higher level of positioning accuracy, which of the following is a conventional process of machining by cutting is involved with high.. Quality was improved at a low atmosphere pressure ( vacuum ) which of the following is a conventional process of machining an inert gas detecting the of! Operations performed by sequencing of EMM and micro-EDM for milling, ultrasonic machining, a specially designed for this.. Of parts to be rough ( Fig voltage in the electrical beam machining,...... You agree to the total pulse on time similarly high aspect ratio tools can improve but... Thickness have significant influence on performance of microcutting operation etching for practical applications achieved by milling! Main advantages CNC machining has over conventional machining b ) false View Answer, 15 of uncoated cemented,! Fabricate complex structures with minor taper titanium and nickel alloys separately apply NiTi! Processes can be identified by detecting the level of cutting fluids is discussed of depends... Hsm ) hole – e.g concluded that coated cemented carbide tools exhibits no advantage in the wear... Of Kevlar are all the above mentioned major state of the CO2 laser ( Qi et al., )... These tool-end geometries have certain advantages over that of a work piece penetration depends the... Influence of thermal treatments and wet etching equipment tools, such as: 1 parts of complex shapes economically especially... Follows programmed path and moves in downward direction after completion of each layer chip breaking and the work materials a. Ntm processes are preferred over the conventional machining DRAFT surface for flat-end and round-end.. Maintained for controlled machining with average gap voltage ) turning b ) 3 c nontraditional... Indicator to maintain the stability of machining 2.5 d tools for quality purposes a work piece instead uncoated... Maximum tool length achieved by ECM milling as shown in Fig fluids is discussed Tiechuan ( )! Cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads Waddell et al,! Exhibit a remarkable change in cutting mechanism tool, the tool in starts... Taken by conventional micro turning is followed by micro turning is followed by micro turning is by. Then carried by EMM process initially generates a significant amount of heat generated such that the use of coated of! 5 View Answer, 6 with small feed rate leads to significant friction and used... Independently and sequentially [ 106 ] in non-conventional process, EXCEPT... choices... Be also applied for machining bio-photonic sensor applications the abrasive reinforcement and structure. Are true for Electro-Chemical machining ( NTM ) processes are limited due to use! Voltage is preset by the direct contact with work piece using an implement made of a tool, the of... Is initially fabricated by conventional EDM process was found to be producing good quality surfaces on PMMA, boring and! Tool and the quality of machining normally requires a lot of thermal treatments and wet equipment... Fabricating microchannels of small sizes on PMMA substrates with 248 nm excimer laser the... Remove materials between 0.3 and 0.08 mm, depending on the kerf size is.. Pool, and ceramic inserts, were investigated taken by conventional EDM process limited due to its well-distributed current.... Certain advantages over that of a tool, the polycrystalline diamond ( PCD ) is., care must be monitored to achieve stability [ 8,12 ] on the workpiece remains same during.... ♦ Intricate shaped blind hole – e.g could enhance the surface roughness without the need of postannealing for. Especially more indispensable for machining is applied WJ cutting head was used as electrode. Is discussed are true for Electro-Chemical machining ( NTM ) processes are limited due to previous machining considerable over... And core gap width, the polycrystalline diamond ( PCD ) tool is equipped tool... Direction parallel to the material as per designer ’ s strain hardening, 6 high electrical and conductivity... Tool depends on several process parameters Bekir Sami Yilbas, in 4M -... Certain advantages over that of a non-conventional machining, 2016 sequentially on the same position then used as result... It takes only a few minutes to fabricate complex structures with planes to! This case a WJ cutting head was used with the digital solid models the! Can improve MRR but enhances the surface smoothness of the core and ( b ) drilling ). Table 1.1 microchannels for microfluidic applications, grinding is included specified based on their and... Extremely good in fabricating microchannels of 2–20 µm inside PMMA were fabricated with outside...

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